Itihāsa.Dilmun armourers, آهن ګران āhan-garān 'thunderbolt makers' of Sarasvati Civiliztion, Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts, Part 1

https://tinyurl.com/y7vsvtdm

--Itihāsa. Dilmun Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts. Meluhha armourers of Ancient Near East. Extending the area of contact of Sarasvati Civilzation across the Persian or Arabic Gulf

Over 1500 monographs on decipherment of Indus Script Inscriptions have been posted at https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman

 

Of thsse, over 20 relate to Dilmun seals (including Persian or Arbian Gulf seals). These select monographs  decipher Dilmun inscriptions as wealth-accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues. The underlying language is Meluhha rendered rebus.

This monograph is presented in the following sections:

Section 1: Background: Dilmun seals made by Meluhha artisans, armourers, seafaring merchants

Section 2: Decipherment of Persian or Arabian Gulf Indus Script inscriptions

Section 3: Four Dilmun seals with Harappa Script hieroglyphs, metalwork catalogues

Section 4: Dilmun seals of Saar (12) with Indus Script hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues

Section 5: Maritime trade of Meluhha (Sarasvati Civilization) seafaring merchants, artisans

The monograph posits 1) that Meluhha artisans/seafaring merchants were armourers of Ancient Near East and 2) that the sites of Faiaka, Qal'at al-Bahrain, Saar in Persian or Arabian Gulf are an extension of the wealth-creation and walth-accounting activities (using Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts) of seafaring merchants and metalworking artisans of Sarasvati Meluhha Civilization.

 

Kalyanaraman

Section 1: Background: Dilmun seals made by Meluhha artisans, armourers, seafaring merchants

Failaka, Persian Gulf, Indus Script Hypertext seal impressions on storage jars from 'Temple Tower' signify armour, metal equipment, weapons

https://tinyurl.com/ybzbtpnu

The Failaka cylinder seal impression with Indus Script hypertexts is a message about the metalwork catalogue -- copper-iron hard alloy workshop. of nearby Bahrain.

Failaka standard and cylinder seals are Indus Script hypertexcts

https://tinyurl.com/ybwh2p6z

See: Indus Script Standard on Arabian Gulf glyptic art relates to metalwork wealth, fine gold trade 

https://tinyurl.com/y9dknr2h

Kjærum 1983: no. 141 

Failaka Standard (Figs. 139 to 148 Standard on Failaka seals). 

The bowl atop the standard: koṭhārī  ʻcrucibleʼ (Old Punjabi) rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

kammaṭa 'a portable furnace' Rebus: kammaṭa 'coinage, coiner, mint'.

arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka, eraka 'moltencast copper, gold'. Thus, together, the hypertext signifies a gold mint.

The one-horned young bull is: kundar 'young bull' rebus: kunda, kundaṇa 'fine gold'

khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

See some readings of other stamp seals of Failaka: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/indus-writing-on-dilmun-type-seals.html

The significance of Indus Script cipher is apparent in another cylinder seal reported from Failaka.

A cylinder seal impression showing a procession of animals:crocodile, elephant, rhinoceros found at Failaka. Cylinder seal impression [elephant, rhinoceros and gharial (alligator) on the upper register. Failaka seal. The Yale tabletis dated to ca. the second half of the twentieth century B.C.... Trade3 on the Persian gulf was in existence well before thattime-- about2350 B.C.-- when Sargon, the first Akkadian king referred to ships from or destined for Melukhkha, Magan and Tilmun (Dilmun) athis wharves. in the Third Dynasty of Ur (around 2000), when trade apparently was centred atMagan. Itis even better documented on other tablets from Ur (from about 1900 and from about 1800), belonging to various kings of Larsa. At this time the trade was centered at Tilmun... Cuneiform inscriptions naming Inzak, the god of Tilmun, were found on Failaka and, a long time ago, one on Bahrein... Failaka can be equated with Tilmun, or atleastwas an important part of it.(Briggs Buchanan, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and ancientIndia, Archaeology, Vol. 20, No.2, 1967, pp. 104-107).

Meluhha 'crocodile' hieroglyph in Ancient Near East and India

A cylinder seal showing hieroglyphs of crocodile, elephant and rhinoceros was found in Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), Iraq. This is an example of Meluhha writing using hieroglyphs to denote the competence of kāru ‘artisan’ -- kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) He was also ibbo 'merchant' (Hieroglyph: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron') and maker of metal artifacts: kāṇḍā ‘metalware, tools, pots and pans’ (kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil).

Glazed steatite . Cylinder seal. 3.4cm high; imported from Indus valley. Rhinoceros, elephant, crocodile (lizard? ).Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), Iraq. IM 14674; Frankfort, 1955, No. 642; Collon, 1987, Fig. 610. 

karabha, ibha‘elephant’ Rebus: karba 'iron', ibbo ‘merchant’, ib ‘iron’காண்டாமிருகம் kāṇṭā-mirukam , n. [M. kāṇṭāmṛgam.] Rhinoceros; கல்யானை. Rebus: kāṇḍā ‘metalware, tools, pots and pans’.kāru ‘crocodile’ Rebus:   kāru  ‘artisan’. Alternative: araṇe ‘lizard’ Rebus: airaṇ ‘anvil’.

Crocodile hieroglyph in combination with other animal hieroglphs also appears on a Mohenjo-daro seal m0489 in the context of an erotic Meluhha hieroglyph: a tergo copulation hieroglyph

m0489a,b,c Mohenjo-daro prism tablet

A standing human couple mating (a tergo); one side of a prism tablet from Mohenjo-daro (m489b). Other motifs on the inscribed object are: two goats eating leaves on a platform; a cock or hen (?) and a three-headed animal (perhaps antelope, one-horned bull and a short-horned bull).  The leaf pictorial connotes on the goat composition connotes loa; hence, the reading is of this pictorial component is: lohar kamar = a blacksmith, worker in iron, superior to the ordinary kamar (Santali.)] 

kāruvu ‘crocodile’ Rebus:  ‘artisan, blacksmith’.  pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is related to, rebus: pasra = smithy (Santali)

pisera_ a small deer brown above and black below (H.)(CDIAL 8365).
ḍān:gra = wooden trough or manger sufficient to feed one animal (Mundari). iṭan:kārri = a capacity measure (Ma.) Rebus: ḍhan:gar ‘blacksmith’ (Bi.)

pattar ‘goldsmiths’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.) 

r-an:ku, ran:ku = fornication, adultery (Telugu); rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)

Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphs:

Hieroglhyphs: elephant (ibha), boar/rhinoceros[kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil)], tiger (kol), tiger face turned (krammara), young bull calf (khōṇḍa) [खोंड m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)], antelope, ḍangur ʻbullockʼ, melh ‘goat’ (Brahui) 

Rebus mleccha glosses: Ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍā, 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; kol 'worker in iron, smithy'; krammara, kamar 'smith, artisan', kõdā 'lathe-turner' [B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)], khũṭ ‘guild, community’, ḍāṅro ’blacksmith’ (Nepalese) milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) [Meluhha!]

Iron (ib), carpenter (badhi), smithy (kol ‘pancaloha’), alloy-smith (kol kamar)

tam(b)ra copper, milakkhu copper, bali (iron sand ore), native metal (aduru), ḍhangar ‘smith’.

Arabian Gulf seals with Indus Script hypertexts take the total Indus Script Corpora inscriptions to over 8000.

Locations of Meluhha, Saar, Failaka, Qal'at al-Bahrain, Barbar in Persian or Arabian Gulf

Map of Meluhha and Southwest Asia (inset Bahrain) (After Fig. 1 Eric Olijdam, 2008, A possible Central Asian origin for the seal-impressed jar from the Temple Tower' at Failaka), in:Eric Olijdam & RH Spoor, eds, Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Asia, Studiesin Commemoration of ECL During Caspers (1934-1996), BAR Intrnational Series 1826 (2008): 268-287). "It is only in the last decade that Central Asian elements have been correctly identified in the archaeological record of the Arabian Gulf. Up until her untimely death, E.C.L. During Caspers had been one of the leading experts in this field. I am therefore pleased to dedicate my contribution to one of Inez’ last passions, viz. the intercultural/mercantile connections between the Arabian Gulf and the Bactrian-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) —or the Murghabo-Bactrian Archaeological Complex as she used to call it."

A massive building called the 'Temple Tower' in Failaka City, was excavated dated to ca. 1900 BCE. A seal impression was found impressed on a large jar, just underneath the shoulder. In two scenes, the narrative of the impression shows a bird of prey (eagle) devouring a slaim bovine. Eagle's talons are clearly shown and wings are extended. The filling motifs include a coiled snake and a rosette next to a crescent moon.

I suggest that these are Indus Script Hypertexts, as this monograph demonstrates.

Drawing of a Cylinder seal-impressed jar from the 'Temple Tower', Failaka (F88.2270, Kuwait National Museum no. 5827; drawing after Calvet, Y. & M. Pic,  1996, Un nouveau batiment de 'l'Age du Bronze sur le Tell F6, in Y. Calvet & JF Salle, eds., Failaka, Fouilles Francaise 1984-1985 (TMO 12), Lyon,: Fig. 3)

In Gonur I South excavations, a complette storage jar, linked to a temple complex, was unearthed. The seal impression shows a standing winged birdman holding a dead caprid in each of its hands. In the field above the caprid, a heraldic eagle is shown.

 करडेल karaḍēla n (करडई & तेल) Oil of Carthamus or safflower.Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' 

 مر ḳamar A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) 'The moon'. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

Hieroglyph: śyena 'falcon' Rebus: aśáni 'thunderbolt' rebusآهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith'

Hieroglyph:  dām m. ʻ young ungelt ox ʼ: damya ʻ tameable ʼ, m. ʻ young bullock to be tamed ʼ Mn. [~ *dāmiya -- . -- √dam]Pa. damma -- ʻ to be tamed (esp. of a young bullock) ʼ; Pk. damma -- ʻ to be tamed ʼ; S. ḍ̠amu ʻ tamed ʼ; -- ext. -- ḍa -- : A. damrā ʻ young bull ʼ, dāmuri ʻ calf ʼ; B.dāmṛā ʻ castrated bullock ʼ; Or. dāmaṛī ʻ heifer ʼ, dāmaṛiā ʻ bullcalf, young castrated bullock ʼ, dāmuṛ, °ṛi ʻ young bullock ʼ.Addenda: damya -- : WPah.kṭg. dām m. ʻ young ungelt ox ʼ.(CDIAL 6184). This is a phonetic determinative of the 'twisted rope' hieroglyph: dhāī˜ f.dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ (Rigveda) Hence, signifies: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a  class of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron smelting' 

Cylinder seal-impressed jar from Gonur I South, Turkmenistan, A. Design of the cylinder seal (after Sarianidi. V.,1993, Excavations at Southern Gonur, Iran XXXI:25-37, Pl. IV-X, Fig.9)

Hieroglyph: śyena 'falcon' Rebus: aśáni 'thunderbolt' rebusآهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith'

'markhor' Wkh. merg f. 'ibex' (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus:meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.).

A second speciment was found on the surface of Taip depe 'at the southeastern edge of the settlement'...This very large segment, consisting of two matching fragments, shows the imprint of two different cylinder seals and possibly that of a stamp seal. (After Masimov, IS, 1981, New finds of the Bronze Age seals from the Lower Murghab (in Russian), Sovjetskaya Arkheologiya 1981: 132-150, Figs. 10-12).

 
Drawings of First cylinder-seal impressed jar from Taip 1, Turkmenistan (After Collon, D., 1987, First Impressions, Cylinder seals in the Ancient Near East, London, nos. 600, 599).
Predatory bird attacking an animal is also shown on a cylinderal seal of BMAC.

पोळा [ pōḷā ] zebu, bos indicus, rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, Fe3O4'
pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus pōlaḍ 'steel' 

Hieroglyph: śyena 'falcon' Rebus: aśáni 'thunderbolt' rebusآهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith'

kõdā 'young bull' rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe'(B.) कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)  kō̃da कोँद 'furnace, kiln'

मेढा [mēḍhā] 'twist, curl'. rebus: meD,med 'iron, copper,metal' medha 'yajna', dhanam.) meḍhi 'plait' (twisted rope) rebus: meḍ 'iron'

BMAC - Indus hybrid cylinder seal with predatory bird attacking a rhinoceros (Collon, 1987, opcit., no. 614). This seal is part of the De Clerq collection and attributed to the Indus Civilisation (Corbiau, S., 1936, An Indo-Sumerian Cylinder, Iraq III: 100-103, p.,101).

bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace

Hieroglyph: śyena 'falcon' Rebus: aśáni 'thunderbolt' rebusآهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith'

gaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; rebus:khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware'.

goṭā 'round pebble' Rebus gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' गोटी gōṭī f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. 6 A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' khoṭa 'ingot, wedge'. गोटी [ gōṭī ] 'round pebbles, stones' rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver'. 

kolmo 'rice-plant' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Hieroglyph: leaping tigers: Kui pānja (pānji-) to fly, leap; n. act of flying, flight; (DEDR 4087), dspanja 'claw of beast, feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' (Semantic determinative).

Bronze compartmented seal. BMAC(Bactria-Margiana Archeological Complex), 2000-1500 BCE. Garuda, Naga.

Compartmented seal with two coiled snakes attacking crescent moons (Baghestani, 1997, opcit., no. 456).A copper/bronze compartmented seal consists of a mirror image of a coiled snake with a crescent moon (Baghestani, S.,1997, Metallene Comparimentsiegel aus Os-Iran, Zentralasien und Nord-China, Archologie in Iran and Turan, Bd. 1, Rahden,: no.456). The heads of both animals are towards a crescent moon.

phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metalcaster guild'

 مر ḳamar A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) 'The moon'. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

Dilmun seal from Afghanistan (Sarianidi 1986, Die Kunst des alten Afghanistan, Leipzig: drawing on p. 231)."Two seals found in Afghanistan...may be indicative of direct contact with Babylonia and Dilmun during the latter stages of the BMAC. The first is a cylinder seal found in the hills near Herat...Even more spectacular is the Dilmun stamp seal published in drawing by Sarianidi...The design seems to consist of two rampant bulls with merging bodies, rendered back-toback. In the field between the bulls a stylised plant (?) can be discerned, the bottom right appears to have a crescent moon...The design is very similar to that of a Dilmun seal found at the Harappan port site of Dwarka (Crawford, HEW, 1998, Dilmun and its Gulf neighbours, Cambridge, Fig. 5.7)...the decoration on a copper/bronze cosmetic vial is particularly interesting. Its design shows several animals engaged in human activities. The central scene consists of a monkey standing before a seated ibex, holding in its hand a vessel commonly found in BMAC ceramic assemblages. A low table is situated between the two animals and on it lays a flat object. It seems likely that the design depicts a ritual in which the monkey is offering food and drink to the ibex." (Eric Olidjam, opcit, pp.281 to 283).

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'

dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting'

barad, barat 'ox' rebus: bharat, baran 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)

Obverse of seal

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Hieroglyph: Dotted circle: dāya 'throw of one in dice' rebus: dhāi, dhātu 'mineral ore'.

High-relief decoration on the body of a BMAC copper/bronze cosmetic vial (Aftter Sarianidi, V., 1994, Aegean-Anatolian Motifs in the Glyptic Art of Bactria and Margiana, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8: 27-36, Fig. 7)

All the seals, seal impressions and artifacts with images discussed by Eric Olidjam are explained as Indus Script Hypertexts which signify wealth-accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues.

kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons'

OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ A semantic determinative for kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons'. 

Dm. mraṅ m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’ (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ ‘ram’, miṇḍā́l ‘markhor’ 
(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ(Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)

tagaraka 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara 'tin'.

DEDR 1179 Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె. Rebus:  khaṇḍa 'equipment'.

 

Dilmun seals should be included in Indus Script Corpora, artisans and seafaring merchants of Sarasvati Civiization in Qal'at al-Bahrain, 2050 BCE

https://tinyurl.com/y8mc72kq

I suggest that Dilmun seals should be included in the Indus Script Corpora based on the following argument:

Qal`at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun 26°14′01″N 50°31′14″E Excavation 520 at Qal’at al-Bahrain, reported Dilmun seals made using the same Indus seal technology. This indicates seaward movement of seafaring merchants and artisans from Sarasvati Civilition into Qal'at.

 

https://www.academia.edu/36750743/Dilmun-Meluhhan_Relations_Revisited_in_Light_of_Observations_on_Early_Dilmun_Seal_Production_during_the_City_IIa-c_Period_c._2050-1800_BC _

Abstract. This contribution brings together information on several aspects of early seal ownership and seal production during theCity IIa-c period. It shows that seals were common objects and that ownership was not restricted to specific professionsor socio-economic segments of society. Seals were made in small workshops, alongside other items of jewellery andpersonal ornaments. They were carved from exotic raw materials that had to be imported. Softstone was the mostcommon and there is mounting evidence that suggests a specific type of steatite was preferred by the ancient seal-cutters. Surface treatments were applied in order to achieve the desired effect of a shiny white seal. This dictated the preference for dolomitic steatite and limited the scope of possible alternative materials. It is suggested that the pyrotechniques that were employed and the choices that were made by the ancient seal-cutters form a technological style highly reminiscent of that of the Indus Civilization, including some of the important ideological associations. Thisapproach and its tentative outcomes bolster the commonly accepted theory of a westward transmission of Harappan sealing technology, which has so far been based primarily on iconographic analysis.

Details at Itihāsa. Indus Script metalwork hypertexts of trading civilization of Failaka, Saar & Barbar Temple, Bahrain.Dilmun revisited: excavations at Saar, Bahrain -- Harriet Crawford (1997) Excavations at Barbar Temple -- Hojlund, Flemming et al (2005)

https://tinyurl.com/ycozar7v

After Figure 4. Eleven seals from the workshop area in Excavation 520 at Qal’at al-Bahrain (Kjærum 1994:figs.1726, 1729, 1731 – 2, 1734 – 5, 1737, 1739, 1741 – 43) in Eric Olijdam, 2017 (opcit.).

Details of the 14 Indus Script inscritpions seen on the seals reported by Eric Olidjam (opcit., 2017) are as follows:

All the 14 inscriptions contain only pictorial motifs which are read as hypertexts of hieroglyphs consistent with the Indus Script Cipher.

From l. to r. and top to bottom row, the rebus Meluhha readings of the Indus Script Hypertexts are as follows:

1.. 520 LA Standing person with upraised arm. eraka ‘shoulder’ rebus: eraka ‘molten cast’

karaṇa 'dance posture' Rebus: karaṇa करण m. writer,scribe; a class whose occupation is writing, accounts.

khaṇḍa 'divisions'; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

2. 520 ADP standing person holding rice plant. karaṇa 'dance posture' Rebus: karaṇa करण m. writer,scribe; a class whose occupation is writing, accounts.

kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

dula ‘pair’ rebus; dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin (ore)’

khaṇḍa 'divisions'; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

3. 520 ABA Standing person with upraised arm. eraka ‘shoulder’ rebus: eraka ‘molten cast’

karaṇa 'dance posture' Rebus: karaṇa करण m. writer,scribe; a class whose occupation is writing, accounts.

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

tamar ‘palm’ (Hebrew) Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ 

4. 520 ADO tamar ‘palm’ (Hebrew) Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ 

dula ‘pair’ rebus; dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin (ore)’

5. 520.YT dula ‘pair’ rebus; dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin (ore)’

6. 520.ZJ bicha ‘scorpion’ rebus: bica ‘haematite, ferrite ore’

mēḍh 'pole star' rebus: mēḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) .medhā 'dhana,yajna' 

kūdī 'twig'Rebus:  kuṭhi 'smelter'

7. 520.LB  khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ.  khũṭ ‘community, guild’ (Santali)

meḍ 'step, dance step' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic)

पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

8. 520 ZA

पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

పోలడు pōlaḍu ‘black drongo’rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel

9. 520.ALX

पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

kūdī 'twig'Rebus:  kuṭhi 'smelter'

10. 520.LC पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

పోలడు pōlaḍu ‘black drongo’rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel

11. 520 AAC पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

పోలడు pōlaḍu ‘black drongo’rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel

12. Arabian Gulf style seal. पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

 Kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’ PLUS koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' 

13. Proto-Dilmun style seal. Dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS Hieroglyph:  dām m. ʻ young ungelt ox ʼ: damya ʻ tameable ʼ, m. ʻ young bullock to be tamed ʼ Mn. [~ *dāmiya -- . -- √dam]Pa. damma -- ʻ to be tamed (esp. of a young bullock) ʼ; Pk. damma -- ʻ to be tamed ʼ; S. ḍ̠amu ʻ tamed ʼ; -- ext. -- ḍa -- : A. damrā ʻ young bull ʼ, dāmuri ʻ calf ʼ; B.dāmṛā ʻ castrated bullock ʼ; Or. dāmaṛī ʻ heifer ʼ, dāmaṛiā ʻ bullcalf, young castrated bullock ʼ, dāmuṛ, °ṛi ʻ young bullock ʼ.Addenda: damya -- : WPah.kṭg. dām m. ʻ young ungelt ox ʼ.(CDIAL 6184). This is a phonetic determinative of the 'twisted rope' hieroglyph: dhāī˜ f.dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ (Rigveda) Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]
Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773) Thus, mineral ore. PLUS पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

kūdī 'twig'Rebus:  kuṭhi 'smelter'

14. Style 1A Dilmun seal: पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa],’magnetite, ferrite ore’

kūdī 'twig'Rebus:  kuṭhi 'smelter'

PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS khaṇḍa 'divisions'; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast implements.

Standing person with upraised arm. eraka ‘shoulder’ rebus: eraka ‘molten cast’

karaṇa 'dance posture' Rebus: karaṇa करण m. writer,scribe; a class whose occupation is writing, accounts.

Section 3: Four Dilmun seals with Harappa Script hieroglyphs, metalwork catalogues 

htttp://tinyurl.com/zgneqn3

Thanks to Tom van Bakel for identifying 4 Dilmun Seals with vivid hieroglyphs. I suggest that the hieroglyphs and hypertexts are framed on Harappa Script cipher for rebus readings in Meluhha.

Dilmun Seal 1 ḍangar 'bull' read rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith'. The message of Harappa Script hieroglyphs on the seal: Blacksmith working with furnace, smithy/forge, mint, large ingots

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ḍhāḷā m. ʻsprig' rebus: ḍhāḷako 'large ingot'.

baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) skambha 'wing' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

Published: http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/969.php

Published: http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing (I do not how to interpret or decode the cuneiform symbols of 'life' and 'bread').

Dilmun Seal 2

The person seated on a stool on Dilmun Seal 2 is comparable to the Meluhha merchant carrying an antelope on his left hand on this cylindeer seal released by U. Chicago (Oriental Institute). The cylinder seal signifiesbica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. The person accompanying Meluhha merchant carries a ranku'liquid mesure' rebus: ranku 'tin'. The goat carried by Meluhha merchant: melh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/09/meluhha-on-eighteen-ane-cylinder-seals.html  

Meluhha on eighteen ANE cylinder seals from ca. 24th cent. to 12th cent. BCE are merchants of metals. Presence of Meluhha merchants in ANE is attested in cuneiform texts. cf. Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975). "On the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha". Studia Orientalia. 46: 205–238.

cf. Vermaak, PS, Guabba, the Meluhhan village in Mesopotamia in: Journal for Semitics 17/2(2008), pp. 454-471

471

http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/03/oi/cylinderseals2.jpg

Dilmun Seal 2 mr̤eka, melh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper'. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Thus, copper metal casts. PLUS miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) mẽḍhām. 'markhor'.(CDIAL 10310) Rebus:  mẽṛhẽt, mẽḍh, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)

Dilmun Seal 3 Registration: no. K16:29:16

Dimentions: Diam. 0.98, height 2.33 ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' gaNDa 'four' rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'. Thus, a fire-altar for tin. 

Pomegranate signified on Dilmun Seal 4 ḍ̠āṛhū̃ 'pomegranate' (Sindhi) Rebus:  ḍhālako 'a large metal ingot' (Gujarati)

Dilmun Seal 4 tāṛ, tāla 'palm tree' rebus: ḍhāla 'large ingot' [Vikalpa: tamar 'palm' (Hebrew) rebus:tAmra 'copper' ] PLUS ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' Thus, an ox-hide shaped large tin ingot. Face turned back: krammara 'face turned back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith, artisan'.

Source: https://www.academia.edu/12664902/4_Stories_depicted_on_4_Dilmun_seals

Some etyma related to Meluhha lexis items used to decipher the Harappa Script hieroglyphs on 4 Dilmun seals:

dāḍima m. ʻ pomegranate tree ʼ MBh., n. ʻ its fruit ʼ Suśr., dālima -- m. Amar., ḍālima -- lex. 2. dāḍimba -- m. lex. 3. *dāṇḍu -- . 1. Pa. dālima -- m., NiDoc. daḍ'ima, Pk. dāḍima -- , dālima -- n., dāḍimī -- f. ʻ the tree ʼ, Dm. dā̤ŕim, Shum. Gaw. dāˊṛim, Kal. dā̤ŕəm, Kho. dáḷum, Phal.dhe_ṛum, S. ḍ̠āṛhū̃ m., P. dāṛū̃, °ṛū, °ṛam m., kgr. dariūṇ (= dariū̃?) m.; WPah.bhiḍ. de_ṛũ n. ʻ sour pomegranate ʼ; (Joshi) dāṛū, OAw. dārivaṁ m., H. poet. dāriũ m., OG. dāḍimi f. ʻ the tree ʼ, G. dāṛam n., dāṛem f. ʻ the tree ʼ, Si. deḷum. 2. WPah.jaun. dāṛim, Ku. dā̆ṛim, dālim, dālimo, N. dārim, A. ḍālim, B. dāṛim, dālim, Or. dāḷimba, °ima, dāṛima, ḍāḷimba, ḍarami ʻ tree and fruit ʼ; Mth.dāṛim ʻ pomegranate ʼ, daṛimī ʻ dried mango ʼ; H. dāṛimb, °im, dālim, ḍāṛim, ḍār°, ḍāl° m., M. dāḷĩb, °ḷīm, ḍāḷĩb n. ʻ the fruit ʼ, f. ʻ the tree ʼ. 3. Sh.gil. daṇū m. ʻ pomegranate ʼ, daṇúi f. ʻ the tree ʼ, jij. ḍ*lṇə́i, K. dönü m., P. dānū m. Addenda: dāḍima -- . 2. dāḍimba -- : Garh. dāḷimu ʻ pomegranate ʼ, A. ḍālim (phonet. d -- ).(CDIAL 6254)

kuraṅgá1 m. ʻ antelope ʼ MBh., kulaṅgá -- MaitrS., kuluṅgá -- TS.Pa. kuraṅga -- , kuruṅga -- m., Pk. kuraṁga -- m., P. kuraṅg m., OG. karaṁgī f., G. kurãg m., °gī, °gṇī f.; Si. kurun̆ga ʻ antelope ʼ, kiran̆gu ʻ the elk Rusa aristotelis ʼ.(CDIAL 3320)

 raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ,rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562)

menda(A) {N} ``^sheep''. *Des.menda(GM) `sheep'. #21810. me~Da o~?-Doi {N} ``^lamb''. |me~Da `^sheep'. @N0747. #6052. gadra me~Da {N} ``^ram, ^male ^sheep''. |me~Da `sheep'. @N0745. #7240. me~Da {N} ``^sheep''. *De. menda (GM). @N0744. #14741.

me~Da o?~-Doi {N} ``^lamb''. |o~?-Doi `young of an animal'. @N0747. #14750.

gadra me~Da {N} ``^ram''. |gadra `male of sheep or goat'. @N0745. #14762.

peti me~Da {N} ``^ewe (without young)''. |peti `young female of sheep or goat'. @N0746. #14772.me~Da o~?-Doi {N} ``^lamb''. |me~Da `^sheep'. @N0747. #6053.peti me~Da {N} ``^ewe (without young)''. |me~Da `sheep'. @N0746. #14773. menda(KMP) {N} ``^sheep [MP], ewe [K], ram, ^wether [P]''. Cf. merom `goat', boda `??'. *O.menda, B.mera, H.merha, Sk.lex, ~medhra, ~mendha, Sa.bheda `ram', ~bhidi `sheep', MuNbhera, MuHbera `ram', Mu., Kh bheri(AB) `sheep', H., O. bhera `ram', H. bhera `sheep'. %21781. #21611.

menda kOnOn (P) {N} ``^lamb''. | konon `child'. *$Ho mindi hon . %21790. #21620.

mendi (P) {N} ``^sheep''. *$Mu., Ho, Bh. mindi . %21800. #21630. meram (P),, merom (KMP) {N} ``^goat [MP], she-goat [K]''. Cf. menda `sheep'. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho merom , So. k+mmEd/-mEd , Nic. me ; cf. O., Bh. mera `goat'. %21821. #21651. meram kOnOn (P),, merom kOnOn (P) {N} ``^kid''. | konon `child'. merom (KMP),, meram (P) {N} ``^goat [MP], she-goat [K]''. Cf. menda `sheep'. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho merom , So. k+mmEd/-mEd , Nic. me ; cf. O., Bh. mera `goat'. %21851. #21681. bheri (D),, bheri (AB) {NA} ``^sheep [ABD]; ^bear [D]''. *@. ??VAR. #3251. menda ,, mendi {N} ``^sheep''. @7906. ??M|F masc|fem #19501. menda (B)F {N(M)} ``(male) ^sheep''. Fem. mendi . *Loan. @B21460,N760. #22531.Ju menda (KMP) {N} ``^sheep [MP], ewe [K], ram, ^wether [P]''. Cf. merom `goat', boda `??'. *O. menda , B. mera , H. merha , Sk. lex , ~ medhra , ~ mendha , Sa. bheda `ram', ~ bhidi `sheep', MuN bhera , MuH bera `ram', Mu., Kh. bheri (AB) `sheep', H., O. bhera `ram', H. bhera `sheep'.Ju meram (P),, merom (KMP) {N} ``^goat [MP], she-goat [K]''. Cf. menda `sheep'. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho merom , So. k+mmEd/-mEd , Nic. me ; cf. O., Bh. mera `goat'.Ju merego (P),, mergo (P),, mirigo (M) {N} ``^deer''. *Sa. mirgi jel `a certain kind of deer', H. mrgo `deer', antelope, O. mrgo , Sk. mrga . Ju merom (KMP),, meram (P) {N} ``^goat [MP], she-goat [K]''. Cf. menda `sheep'. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho merom , So. k+mmEd/-mEd , Nic. me ; cf. O., Bh. mera `goat'.Go menda (A) {N} ``^sheep''. *Des. menda (GM) `sheep'.Gu me~Da {N} ``^sheep''. *Des. menda (GM).Re menda (B)F {N(M)} ``(male) ^sheep''. Fem. mendi . *Loan.(Munda etyma. STAMPE-DM--MP.NEW.84, 20-Jun-85 13:32:53, Edit by STAMPE-D Pinnow Versuch and Munda's thesis combined).

mēṭam (Ta.);[← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. *mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and *bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and *mēṇḍa -- 1, *mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. *miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ]

Section 2: Decipherment of Persian or Arabian Gulf inscriptions.

 Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork, wealth-accounting ledgers

https://tinyurl.com/y7gnwyc6

This is an addendum to: 

1. Stature of body Meluhha hieroglyphs (48) in Indus writing: Catalogs of Metalwork processes http://tinyurl.com/oh3764t

2. Itihāsa. Indus Script metalwork hypertexts of trading civilization of Failaka, Saar & Barbar Temple, Bahrain.Dilmun revisited: excavations at Saar, Bahrain -- Harriet Crawford (1997) Excavations at Barbar Temple -- Hojlund, Flemming et al (2005) https://tinyurl.com/ycozar7v
3. 

All stamp seals, some cylinder seals of Dilmun with Sumerian motifs and Indus Script are deciphered metalwork catalogues 

 http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2016/07/all-stamp-seals-some-cylinder-seals-of.html

This monograph demonstrates that Persian or Arabian Gulf inscriptions to be Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork catalogues, wealth-accounting ledgers.

Map with known natural distribution of softstone (adapted from David-Cuny, H, 2012, Introduction in: H. David-Cuny and I. Azpeitia (eds.) Failaka Seals catalogue Vol. 1, Al-Khidr, 13-27, Kuwaiti City, National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, p. 19)

A pair of 'men' shown on many Persian Gulf or Dilmun seals are often viewed as signifiers of an underlying language which is different from the underlying Meluhha language of Indus Script inscriptions.

A pair of 'men' occurs on Indus Script inscriptions. Together with reduplication of pictrographs as mirror images, the signifiers of a pair of 'men' pictograph are read rebus as related to metal casting, cire perdue technique of casting in particular, which is  reduplication metallurgical process.

The key words and expressions of Meluhha language are seen in the following glosses:

The key rebus reading of a pair of 'men' pictographs is: meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, dul meḍ 'cast iron'. 

PLUS ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'. Thus, tin metalcasting.

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic).

ḍhangra ‘bull’ Rebus: ṭhakkura m. ʻ idol, deity; dhangar 'blacksmith'Mth.ṭhākur ʻblacksmith' 

PLUS dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Prakritam. Hemachandra Desinamamala, p.71, p.78 http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/352261

The 'body' of man hieroglyph is ligatured with a series of diacritical marks to signify hypertexts of metalwork processes. This ligaturing results in 48 hypertext signs shown below (1977 Mahadevan ASI concordance).

Helmsman, supercargo (metal)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/09/stature-of-body-meluhha-hieroglyphs-48.html where the 'stature of body' was read rebus as kāṭi 'body stature'; Rebus: fireplace trench.

With the focus on 'spread legs' on this hieroglyph of 'standing person' orthography, it is possible that the 'body hieroglyph with spread legs' also connoted: कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman',karṇi supercargo'. 

Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d कर्णक karṇi 'an iron helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.'

Thus, in the following renderings kāṭi 'body stature' should be supplemented with कर्णक karṇi'helmsman seafaring, supercargo metals merchant'.

Hypertext of the base hieroglyph reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)

The principal design feature of Indus Script hieroglyphs or 'signs' in Corpora is the सांगड sāṅgaḍa, which is 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha'catalogue, list' is applicable. Thus, all composite hypertexts composed of hieroglyph components are 'catalogues,lists'.  

Sign 4 Variants Sign 6Sign 7 ciphertext is composed ofSign 1 and 'flag' hieroglyph. Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773)  Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'. Vikalpa: The ligature attached to the neck of the body on Sign 7 may signify 'notch' खांडा  khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, ironware, iron tools daybook.

Sign 19 Variant Sign 22Variant Sign 23Variant Sign 24  mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, iron daybook. Sign 24 variant is 'iron metalcasting daybook'. Vikalpa: Sign 24 may be orthographed to signify bracelets, wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri). Thus, Siggn 23, 24 may also be read as:mē̃ḍ khãr kharaḍa 'ironsmith daybook.'

Sign 20 mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook' PLUS खांडा  khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, ironware, iron tools daybook.

Vatiants of Sign 8

 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

 

Ligature: Stool or plank/seat

Sign 43: Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) +  kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metals in mint. Thus, fire-altar metalware furnace.

Ligature: crab, claws

Sign 36: kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metals in mint + kamaḍha ‘crab’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral ore’. Thus mineral ore mint, coiner.

Archer. Ligature one bow-and-arrow hieroglyph

kamaḍha ‘archer, bow’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’. + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metals in mint.

Sign 29 Archer. Ligature two bow-and-arrow hieroglyphs

kamaḍha ‘archer, bow’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’. dula 'two' Rebu: dul 'cast metal'. Thus metal castings mint. + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metal castings in mint.
Ligature hieroglyph: 'lid of pot'

aḍaren
‘lid of pot’ Rebus: aduru ‘unsmelted, native metal’ + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus furnace for aduru, unsmelted, native metal.Ligatures: water-carrier + lid of pot

Sign 14: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi

‘smelter/furnace’+

kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench +

aḍaren

‘lid of pot’ Rebus: aduru ‘unsmelted, native metal’ + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus furnace for aduru, unsmelted, native metal. Thus, furnace-smelter for unsmelted, native metal.

Ligature: water-carrier

Sign 12: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter/furnace’+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.  Thus, smelter furnace.

Ligatures: water-carrier + notch

Sign 13: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter/furnace’+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. +  खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)(Marathi). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. + kāṭi 'body =stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, smelter-furnace metalware.

Ligatures: water-carrier (as in Sign 12) + rim of jar

Ligature: rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo'  Tu. kandůka, kandaka ditch, trench. Te. kandakamu id. Konḍa kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings. Pe.kanda fire trench. Kui kanda small trench for fireplace. Malt. kandri a pit. (DEDR 1214).

  

'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph Rebus: kanka  (Santali) karṇika  ‘scribe’(Sanskrit) kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter/furnace’.+kāṭi'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.  Thus, smelter furnace account, supercargo.

Ligature 'two spoked wheels'

Spokes-of-wheel, nave-of-wheel āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra ‘brass’. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: eraka’nave of wheel’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus, moltencast copper castings ++ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for copper metal castings.

Ligature hieroglyph 'corner'

kanac ‘corner’ Rebus:  kañcu ‘bronze’ + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for bronze castings.

Ligatures: corner + notch

Sign 31: kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu = bronze (Telugu) PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ Thus, bronze metalware. + kāṭi'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace bronze metalware castings.

Ligature hieroglyph: 'stick' or 'one'

Sign1 Hieroglyph: काठी [ kāṭhī ] f (काष्ट S)  (or शरीराची काठी) The frame or structure of the body: also (viewed by some as arising from the preceding sense, Measuring rod) stature (Marathi) B. kāṭhā ʻ measure of length ʼ(CDIAL 3120).
H. kāṭhī 'wood' f.  G. kāṭh n. ʻ wood ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ stick, measure of 5 cubits ʼ(CDIAL 3120). + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.The 'stick' hieroglyph is a phonetic reinforcement of 'body stature' hieroglyph. Alternatively,  koḍ 'one' Rebus:  koḍ 'workshop'+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.. Thus, workplace of furnace fire-trench.

Rebus: G. kāṭɔṛɔ m. ʻ dross left in the furnace after smelting iron ore ʼ.(CDIAL 2646)

Rebus: kāṭi , n. < U. ghāṭī. 1. Trench of a fort; அகழி. 2. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch; கோட்டையடுப்பு காடியடுப்பு kāṭi-y-aṭuppu , n. < காடி&sup6; +. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch used for cooking on a large scale; கோட்டையடுப்பு.

Rebus: S.kcch. kāṭhī f. ʻ wood ʼPa. Pk. kaṭṭha -- n. ʻ wood ʼ(CDIAL 3120).

Sign 37 Hieroglyph: WPah.kṭg. ṭōṭ ʻ mouth ʼ.WPah.kṭg. thótti f., thótthəṛ m. ʻ snout, mouth ʼ, A. ṭhõt(phonet. thõt) (CDIAL 5853).

Rebus: 

tutthá n. (m. lex.), tutthaka -- n. ʻ blue vitriol (used as an eye ointment) ʼ Suśr., tūtaka -- lex. 2. *thōttha -- 4. 3. *tūtta -- . 4. *tōtta -- 2. [Prob. ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 381; cf. dhūrta -- 2 n. ʻ iron filings ʼ lex.]1. N. tutho ʻ blue vitriol or sulphate of copper ʼ, B. tuth.2. K. thŏth, dat. °thas m., P. thothā m.3. S.tūtio m., A. tutiyā, B. tũte, Or. tutiā, H. tūtā, tūtiyā m., M. tutiyā m.

4. M. totā m.(CDIAL 5855) Ka. tukku rust of iron; tutta, tuttu, tutte blue vitriol. Tu. tukků rust; mair(ů)suttu, (Eng.-Tu. Dict.) mairůtuttu blue vitriol. Te. t(r)uppu rust; (SAN) trukku id., verdigris. / Cf. Skt. tuttha- blue vitriol (DEDR 3343).

Sign 2: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus furnace for metal casting.  koḍ 'one' Rebus:  koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, furnace workshop.

Ligature: harrow

Ligatures: harrow + notch (between legs) Allographs: Signs 18, 39

Sign 18: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)(Marathi). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metalware castings of unsmelted, native metal.

Ligature component in hieroglyph 'harrow'

Sign 19: aḍar 'harrow'; rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal’ (Kannada) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for native metal.

Sign 20: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)(Marathi). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for metalware castings of unsmelted, native metal.

 Ligature hieroglyph 'currycomb'

kSign 38: hareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)  kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, fireplace for hard alloy metal.

 Ligature hieroglyph 'foot, anklet'

Sign 40: toṭi bracelet (Tamil)(DEDR 3682). Jaina Skt. (IL 20.193) toḍaka- an

anklet (Sanskrit) khuṭo ʻ leg, foot ʼ, °ṭī ʻ goat's leg ʼ Rebus: khōṭā ‘alloy’ (Marathi) Rebus: tuttha 'copper sulphate' + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus smelted copper sulphate alloy.

Ligature hieroglyph 'rimless pot + ladle'

Sign 34:

muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Thus, iron ingot.+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, iron ingot furnace.

Ligatures: rimless pot + hollow or ingot

Sign 32: baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (G.)+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, iron furnace

Sign 33: As for Sign 32 + dulo 'hole' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, furnace iron castings.Ligatures: rimless pot + dance step

Ligatures: rimless pot + wire mesh

Sign 44: meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.); meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557).  Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Munda); मेढ meḍh‘merchant’s helper’(Pkt.)  meḍ  iron (Ho.)  meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) +  kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, iron furnace.

Sign 35: baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (G.)+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench + akho m. ʻmesh of a netʼ Rebus: L. P. akkhā m. ʻ one end of a bag or sack thrown over a beast of burden ʼ; Or. akhā ʻ gunny bag ʼ; Bi. ākhā, ã̄khā ʻ grain bag carried by pack animal ʼ; H. ākhā m. ʻ one of a pair of grain bags used as panniers ʼ; M. ã̄khā m. ʻ netting in which coco -- nuts, &c., are carried ʼ, ā̆khẽ n. ʻ half a bullock -- load ʼ (CDIAL 17)  అంకెము [ aṅkemu ] ankemu. [Telugu] n. One pack or pannier, being half a bullock load. Thus, a consignment or packload of furnace iron castings.

Ligature: warrior + ficus religiosa

Sign 17:  loa ‘ficus religiosa’ Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: लोखंड [lōkhaṇḍa ] n (लोह S) Iron. लोखंडाचे चणे खावविणें or चारणें To oppress grievously.लोखंडकाम [ lōkhaṇḍakāma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith.लोखंडी [ lōkhaṇḍī ] a (लोखंड) Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi)bhaṭa ‘warrior’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: baṭa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Santali) Thus, together, th ligatured hieroglyph reads rebus: loa bhaṭa ‘iron furnace’

 Ligature 'armed body stature' or 'horned body stature'

Sign 8:bhaṭa ‘warrior’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: baṭa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Santali) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for a kind of iron.

Ligatures: two curved lines

Sign 9: Read rebus as for Sign 8 PLUS Ligature hieroglyphs of two curved lines

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal + ()kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Sanskrit) +bhaṭa ‘warrior’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: baṭa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Santali) + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace bronze castings.

Ligature hieroglyph: 'roof' Allograph: Sign 10

Sign 5: mūdh ʻ ridge of roof ʼ (Assamese)(CDIAL 10247) Rebus: mund 'iron' + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace for  iron.

 Ligature hieroglyph 'flag'

Sign 4: koḍi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: koḍ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947). + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace workshop.

Sign 16:dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' + + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench +koḍi ‘summit of mountain' (Tamil). Thus, furnace for metal casting. mēḍu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.) Thus, iron metal casting. The ligaured hieroglyph of Sign 11 is a ligature with two mountain peaks. Hence dul meḍ ‘iron casting’

 Ligature hieroglyph 'paddy plant' or 'sprout'

kolmo ‘paddy plant’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ Vikalpa: mogge ‘sprout, bud’ Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) dolu ‘plant of shoot height’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus furnace smithy or ingot furnace.

Ligature hieroglyph: 'three short strokes on a slanted stroke'



Signs 23, 24: dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' dhāḷ ‘a slope’; ‘inclination of a plane’ (G.); ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)  + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench' Thus ingot furnace for castings. Three short strokes: kolom 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus it is a place where artisans work with furnace for metal castings. 

Ligatures: Worshipper + rimless pot + scarf (on pigtail)

Signs 45, 46: A variant of ‘adorant’ hieroglyph sign is shown with a ‘rimless, broad-mouthed pot’ which is baṭa read rebus:bhaṭa ‘furnace’. If the ‘pot’ ligature is a phonetic determinant, the gloss for the ‘adorant’ is bhaṭa ‘worshipper’. If the ‘kneeling’ posture is the key hieroglyphic representation, the gloss is eragu ‘bow’ Rebus: erako ‘moltencast copper’. Thus moltencast copper furnace. + dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali). Thus Sign 46 read rebus: moltencast copper minerals furnace.

Hieroglyphs: backbone + four short strokes

Signs 47, 48: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) +

gaṇḍa ‘four’ Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’. Thus, Sign 48 reads rebus: bharat kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’, furnace for mixed alloy called bharat(copper, zinc, tin alloy),

‘Backbone, spine’ hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone; the back; baraḍo thābaḍavo = lit. to strike on the backbone or back; hence, to encourage; baraḍo bhāre thato = lit. to have a painful backbone, i.e. to do something which will call for a severe beating (Gujarati)bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tulu) barada, barda, birada = a vow (Gujarati)bharaḍo a devotee of S’iva; a man of the bharaḍā caste in the bra_hman.as (Gujarati) baraṛ = name of a caste of jat- around Bhaṭiṇḍa; bararaṇḍā melā = a special fair held in spring (Punjabi) bharāḍ = a religious service or entertainment performed by a bharāḍi_; consisting of singing the praises of some idol or god with playing on the d.aur (drum) and dancing; an order of aṭharā akhād.e = 18 gosāyi_ group; bharād. and bhāratī are two of the 18 orders of gosāyi_ (Marathi

The obverse of the seal shows three lines and dotted circles: kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS 

dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter'

धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it.  धवड (p. 249) dhavaḍa m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. 

ḍhangra ‘bull’ Rebus: ṭhakkura m. ʻ idol, deity (Pkt.); Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith.ʼ PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

karba 'culm of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' PLUS śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild PLUS med 'body' rebus: med 'iron'

Circular seal, of steatite, from Bahrein, found at Lothal.A Stamp seal and its impression from the Harappan site of Lothal north of Bombay, of the type also found in the contemporary cultures of southern Iraq and the Persian Gulf Area. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/archaeology-in-india/

http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/shipping-and-maritime-trade-of-the-indus-people/

Obverse of seal: kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS 

dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter'

धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it.  धवड (p. 249) dhavaḍa m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. 

Reverse: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

 phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild

Fig. 6f: Transelamite stamp seal from Tepe Giyan Source: Archaeological National Museum of Tehran, NMI 737/6

kuṭhāru कुठारु  m. a tree L.; a monkey Rebus: kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, metalcasting armourer PLUS koḍ '[horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron';  पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4';  phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild'. kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter'

Feline paws as hypertexts of Indus Script

1. 
2. http://www.bible-history.com/sketches/assyria/assyrian_stone_altar.html “Amongst the ruins of Khorsaba were discovered two circular altars, which are so much like the Greek tripod…The altar is supposed by three lion’s paws. Round the upperpart is an inscription, in cuneiform characters, containing the name of the Korsabad king.” 
3. (Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1849, Nineveh and its remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldaean christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or devil worshippers, and an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient Assyrians, Volume 2, J. Murray, 
4. p[.469-470) https://archive.org/details/ninevehitsremain02layaiala
5. The feline paws at the bottom of the altar should be noted. In Meluhha (mleccha), Stamp seal no. 693. Disc profile concave, grey steatite, while-glazed. On the reverse three lines and four circles. Dia. 25 mm. A leaping lion (?) with claws, wide-open toothed jaws and sigmoid tail, followed by an antelope. Above the scene a snake with wide-open toothless jaws. The scales of the snake are indicated with close incisions from both sides. Between the lion and the gazelle a palm front. Below the lion an angular figure -- probably a crescent. (Hojlund, Flemming et al, 2005, p.115) 
   
   
   Feline paws shown on the Khorsabad altar are also seen on the hieroglyphs of the Elamite spinner:
   
   Bas relief fragment, called the 'spinner'. Louvre.
   
   
   Technical description
   Bitumen
   J. de Morgan excavations
   Sb 2834
   Near Eastern Antiquities
   Sully wing
   Ground floor
   Iran in the Iron Age (14th––mid-6th century BC) and during the Neo-Elamite dynasties
   Room 11
   Display case 6 b: Susiana in the Neo-Elamite period (8th century–middle 6th century BC). Goldwork, sculpture, and glyptics.
6. Decoding of hieroglyphs on spinner bas-relief:
   
   
   panja 'feline paws' rebus; panja 'kiln, smelter' kātī ‘spinner’ (G.) Rebus: khati 'wheelwright' (H.) kāṭi = fireplace in the form of a long ditch (Ta.Skt.Vedic) kāṭya = being in a hole (VS. XVI.37); kāṭ a hole, depth (RV. i. 106.6) khāḍ a ditch, a trench; khāḍ o khaiyo several pits and ditches (G.) khaṇḍrun: ‘pit (furnace)’ (Santali)
7. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar, furnace’ (Santali) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) Grapheme as a phonetic determinant of the depiction of woman, kola; rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.)kola ‘woman’ (Nahali); Rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) 
   ayo ‘fish’ (Mu.); rebus: aya ‘metal’ (G.)
   bhaṭa ‘six’ (G.); rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Santali)  viciṟi fan; bīsāle fan (as the one made of areca spathe). Koḍ. bi·j- (bi·ji-), (Mercara dialect) bi·d- (bi·di-) to wave (tr.); (wind) blows, (tree, cloth) waves; grind with grinding stones.  Cf. Skt. vīj-, vyaj- to fan; vījana-, vyajana- fanning, a fan; Turner, CDIAL, no. 12043 (DEDR 5450) Rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'furnace, kiln'.
8. 
9. baTa 'six' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace'
10. ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'
11. 
12. 

    Stamp seal. Dilmun.  http://www.uaeinteract.com Mirror symmetry is achieved in two parts flanking the crucible+Sun pictograph. The antelope looking backward is clearly influenced by the Indus Script orthography. Four of two pairs of almost identical aquatic birds are shown.
13. 
    

khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' PLUS Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'.

Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi)

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

karaNDava 'aquatic bird' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'.PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus cast hard alloy.

khār 'backbone' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

Stamp seal from the region North Syria, Iraq (image redrawn from M. Schoyen, Seals, at www.schoyencollection.com/index.html), dated 5^th-4^th millennium BCE. A standing male figure is seen between two horned quadrupeds back to back and head to tail. The rotational symmetry of the animals is two-fold.

Stamp seal from Susa (image redrawn from www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/lapis_lazuli.htm, at the Louvre Museum). Susa is the oldest known settlement of the world, founded ca. 4200 BCE; inhabited villages of Susa have been dated to 7000 BCE. The seal depicts two goat-antelopes head to tail, and an oval at the centre. The two antelopes seem to be running on the rim of the seal. (http://www.ijSciences.com Intl Journal of Sciences, Volume 2, Issue August 2013.) 

dhangra 'bull 'rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metalcasting blacksmith.

bun-shaped ingot: muh 'ingot'

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Composition of two horned animals, sitting human playing a four-string musical instrument, a star and a moon.
The rebus reading of hieroglyphs are: తంబుర [tambura] or తంబురా tambura. [Tel. తంతి+బుర్ర.] n. A kind of stringed instrument like the guitar. A tambourine. Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' tambabica, copper-ore stones; samṛobica, stones containing gold (Mundari.lex.) tagara 'antelope'. Rebus 1: tagara 'tin' (ore) tagromi 'tin, metal alloy' (Kuwi)    Rebus 2: damgar 'merchant'. 

Thus the seal connotes a merchant of tin and copper.

 Inventory No. 8480. A seal from Dilmun, A seal from Dilmun, made of soft stone, classified as the 3rd largest seal in Failaka Island, decorated with human and zoomorphic figures. 0.16 X 4.8 cm. Site: the Ruler's Palace. 2nd millennium BCE, Dilmun civilization [NOTE: Many such seals of Failaka and Dilmun have been read rebus as Indus writing on blogposts.]

Hieroglyphs on this Dilmun seal are: star, tabernae montana flower, cock, two divided squares, two bulls, antelope, sprout (paddy plant), drinking (straw), stool, twig or tree branch. A person with upraised arm in front of the antelope. All these hieroglyphs are read rebus using lexemes (Meluhha, Mleccha) of Indiansprachbund.

meḍha ‘polar star’ (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.Mu.)
ṭagara (tagara) fragrant wood (Pkt.Skt.).tagara 'antelope'. Rebus 1: tagara 'tin' (ore) tagromi 'tin, metal alloy' (Kuwi)    Rebus 2: damgar 'merchant'
kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) 

ḍangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi) dula 'pair' (Kashmiri). Rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Santali) Thus, a pair of bulls connote 'cast metal blacksmith'.

khaṇḍ ‘field, division’ (Skt.) Rebus 1: Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ, (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone (ore). Rebus 2: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) Thus, the two divided squares connote furnace for stone (ore).

kolmo ‘paddy plant’ (Santali) Rebus: kolami ‘furnace, smithy’ (Telugu)

Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali)
Tu. aḍaru twig. Rebus: aduru 'native (unsmelted) metal' (Kannada) Alternative reading: కండె [kaṇḍe] kaṇḍe. [Tel.] n. A head or ear of millet or maize. Rebus 1: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) Rebus 2: khānḍa  ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

eraka ‘upraised arm’ (Te.); eraka ‘copper’ (Te.) 

Thus, the Dilmun seal is a metalware catalog of damgar 'merchant' dealing with copper and tin.

The two divided squares attached to the straws of two vases in the following seal can also be read as hieroglyphs:

khaṇḍ ‘field, division’ (Skt.) Rebus 1: Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ, (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone (ore). Rebus 2: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) Thus, the two divided squares connote furnace for stone (ore).

kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) 

ḍangā = small country boat, dug-out canoe (Or.); ḍõgā trough, canoe, ladle (H.)(CDIAL 5568). Rebus: ḍānro  term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.); ḍangar (H.) (CDIAL 5524)

Thus, a smelting furnace for stone (ore) is connoted by the seal of a blacksmith, ḍangar :

Stamp seal from Al-Khidr.

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold' karba 'stalk of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'.

Designs of stamp seals from Al-Khidr are composed of characteristic Early Dilmun stamp seal motifs. This stamp seal depicts human and half-human-half-animal horned figures, monkeys, serpents and birds on either side of a central motif of a standard and a podium at the bottom (drawing of stamp seal impression).

Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'.

kuṭhāru कुठारु  m. a tree L.; a monkey Rebus: kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer' 

phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild'

dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, metalcasting blacksmith.

karaNDava 'aquatic bird' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'.PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus cast hard alloy.

On the obverse of Dilmun seals from Al-Khidr are depicted human or divine figures, half human-half animal creatures, animal figures (such as gazelles, bulls, scorpions, and snakes), celestial bodies (star or sun and moon), sometimes drinking scenes and also other activities (playing musical instruments). Composition of these motifs varies from formal (with ordering the figures and symbols to clear scenes) to chaotic.   Until now only one single seaal has been discovered (in 2004) which comes from a non-Dilmun cultural environment. It is a cylinder seal with a cuneiform inscription that refers to "Ab-gina, sailor from a huge ship, the son of Ur-Abba" (F. Rahman). This seal provides further evidence of the existing contacts between Dilmun and ancient Mesopotamia at the end of the 3rd- beginning of the 2nd millennium BCEकोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold'

kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, metalcasting blacksmith.

phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild'

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

karb 'stalk of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS meḍ 'step' rebus; meḍ 'iron'

meḍ 'step' rebus; meḍ 'iron'

karaNDava 'aquatic bird' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'.

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

श्येन sēṇa, کار کنده kār-kunda are Indus Script metalwork wealth मेधा 'yajña, धन' hypertexts, signify آهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith',

eraka 'wing' rebus: eraka 'moltencast'

Seals from the ancient maritime kingdom of Dilmun, believed to have stretched from Kuwait to Qatar NEW NATIONAL MUSEUM कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold' karba 'stalk of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'. ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, cast metal tin. Reverse: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dotted circle: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter'

धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it.  धवड (p. 249) dhavaḍa m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. 

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold'

kuḍi 'drink' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' 

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

ranku 'antelope' rebus; ranku 'tin'

khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' 

khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' 

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' 

kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kUdi 'sprout, twig' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'.

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold' 

khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' 

kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, cast iron.

barad 'ox' rebus: bharat'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) 

med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, cast iron.

baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bata 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace'.

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus metalcast tin. dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

bica 'scorpion' rebus: bicha 'haematite ferrite ore' kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus metalcast tin.

kuḍi 'drink' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' kuThara 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru कुठारु 'armourer'

meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

Hypertexts ḍã̄g mace, ḍã̄gar bull-man, ḍāṅgā mountain 

Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773)  Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'. 

mēḍu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.) Thus, iron metal casting. The ligaured hieroglyph of Sign 11 is a ligature with two mountain peaks. Hence dul meḍ ‘iron casting’

arye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass'.

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' 

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'; kundana 'fine gold' 

kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

meḍ 'step' rebus: meḍ 'iron'

bata 'six' rebus: bhata 'furnace' bata 'iron' PLUS kandam 'water' rebus: kanda 'equipment' Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773)  Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'.